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Determine what evidence is sufficient for the decision you must take.

Producing evidence rather than reading it? → EMIT

For the parties that assume or price the risk: insurers, reinsurers, MGAs and coverholders, lenders, acquirers and sponsors, and the boards and aggregators accountable for a delegated portfolio they cannot fully see.

Is that evidence sufficient for the risk I am taking?

§ 01 · The first product

Continuous covenant underwriting.

What you buy now: a reading of an insured's own records against the open covenant schema, delivered to the underwriting desk as a dated findings report at inception and, where agreed, monthly across the term. Arkaya's analysts, supported by AI agents, do the reading. In development: automated collection from an engine at the insured that conforms to the schema. No engine has yet passed the conformance programme, and no date is promised. The report shows what the records support for the underwriting question and where further evidence is needed.

Once a conformant engine runs at the insured, it produces continuous, first-party evidence of its AI estate; Arkaya reads that evidence against the underwriter's question at inception and, where agreed, across the term, and reports what it supports. A reading can sit alongside the questionnaire, on records rather than self-report. The underwriter prices it; Arkaya does not.

The covenant schema is class-agnostic. AI liability is the first class written against it, because the underwriting asymmetry is largest there. Cyber, technology E&O, D&O and operational resilience follow.

See the record format →

§ 02 · Why now

Some insurers have adopted generative-AI exclusions.

The exclusions are based on standard language that Verisk's Insurance Services Office made available in 2025. Insurers can attach them to commercial general liability policies.

Arkaya's hypothesis is that continuous evidence of an insured's AI estate could help insurers assess whether, and on what terms, to offer cover. The underwriting decision remains with the insurer.

A machine-readable schema is only as good as the evidence that feeds it. Evidence produced at human cadence, the periodic questionnaire and the point-in-time attestation, cannot describe an estate that changes between checkpoints. Machine-readable underwriting needs evidence produced at machine cadence: captured continuously, at source, as the estate moves. The decision stays human and is recorded; the observation runs at the speed of the thing observed.

Machine-readable underwriting requires machine-cadence evidence. The decision stays human; the observation does not.

§ 03 · Why it pays

Where evidence could matter, if a reader relies on it.

A premium reflects expected loss, uncertainty and the cost of capital held behind the policy. Where a risk cannot be characterised, that uncertainty may affect price, terms or capacity. Better evidence can reduce the information gap; the insurer decides what, if anything, changes in price or terms. At Lloyd's, every syndicate's capital requirement is calculated on an internal model. Our hypothesis: evidence that narrows the distribution could reach the capital held, not only the rate.

A basis for the decision
Our hypothesis: evidence may help an insurer decide whether, and on what terms, to offer cover.
An evidenced estate
The underwriter can read an evidenced estate, not only a declared one.
Repeated during the term
The reading can be repeated during the term against the same question.
Aggregation visible
AI exposure is aggregated across the book for exposure management and reinsurance.
Seat
What evidence could affect
Where it lands
Insurer
The uncertainty around an uncharacterisable class and the capital held behind the book.
Loss ratio, capital efficiency
Lender
The spread priced on incomplete information and the margin of conservatism capitalised against weak data.
Net interest margin, RWA
Acquirer / sponsor
The diligence discount, the escrow and holdback, the W&I retention, and covenant surveillance through the hold.
Entry price, retained exposure, IRR
Corporate (the user)
Our hypothesis: the premium and terms at renewal, the cost of refinancing and the price at exit.
Cost of risk, cost of capital, enterprise value
Reinsurer / HoldCo / GP
Sight of a delegated portfolio's true control state between periodic reviews.
Aggregation risk, capacity deployed
§ 04 · How the carrier reads it

Calibration, and the evidence ladder.

The conformant engine produces the evidence; Arkaya reads the record against the underwriter's question and reports what it supports; the underwriter prices it. The calibration layer sets out, as hypotheses, where a governance evidence record might bear on rating, retention, limit and capital. The thresholds and the rate response are the carrier's. The schema and the conformance test are Arkaya's; the calibration, the position and the rating are not.

Each answer sits on one of four rungs of the evidence ladder, set by its provenance and not by Arkaya. The rung caps the evidential weight the desk can give it; the desk decides the weight.

Verifiable
Independently checkable from the sealed record, without the vendor's or Arkaya's code.
Evidenced
Rests on the produced record.
Attested
Rests on a named officer's signature.
Asserted
Unproven. Carries no evidential weight.
The evidence ladder EVIDENTIAL WEIGHT AVAILABLE Asserted Attested Evidenced Verifiable Unproven. No evidential weight. A named officer’s signature. The produced record. Checkable from the sealed record.
The evidence ladder. The rung caps the evidential weight available beneath it; only the top rung is independently checkable without the vendor’s or Arkaya’s code.

What the read looks like at the desk.

Two insureds, same sector, same limit sought. One produces continuous evidence of its AI estate that the underwriter can check independently; the other answers a periodic questionnaire. The underwriter sees the difference; what follows is the underwriter's decision.

Insured A · Verifiable
First-party records
  • AnswersEach cited to a record
  • GapsListed, with what would settle each
  • CheckableYes, against the records
  • Cover, limit, retention, termsThe carrier's decision
Insured B · Asserted
Periodic questionnaire
  • AnswersAs declared
  • GapsNot visible
  • CheckableNo, self-reported
  • Cover, limit, retention, termsThe carrier's decision

Illustrative. It shows what each underwriter has to read, not an outcome. The carrier sets cover, limit, retention and terms against its own book; nothing here is a quote or a promise of cover.

The read can go either way. Evidence that exposes a weakness may justify tighter terms. The reader's gain is a better-informed decision, not a cheaper one.

§ 05 · The test

The falsification condition.

The claim is falsifiable and held as a hypothesis: an evidenced counterparty obtains measurably better terms than an otherwise identical unevidenced one. The result is pending. The experiment is a carrier pilot, and the invitation is open to the desks that can run it. If the evidence does not move the terms, the thesis fails on its own stated ground.

§ 06 · Reading across a portfolio

The same record, read across a delegated portfolio.

An insurance holding company board, an MGA aggregator or a general partner may be accountable for coverholders, portfolio companies or captives it cannot fully see between periodic reviews. Each underlying entity or system produces its own record. The reader reads those records across the portfolio, obligation by obligation. No aggregate state is asserted across obligations: the portfolio view is a set of records, each read on its own terms, not a score for the whole.

§ 07 · How it starts

The reader's steps, each one evidenced.

Steps one and two, the Protocol and the first record, are the emitter's and sit on the EMIT page.

03
First underwriting decision
The carrier reads the record into rating, retention and limit at inception.
04
First commercial value
The renewal re-read shows trajectory; the carrier decides whether terms move.
The shape of the engagement
What you get, and what stays yours.

The deliverable is Arkaya's dated findings report on the insured's records, read against the underwriter's question at inception and, where agreed, re-read monthly across the term. The records stay the insured's.

The record is the insured's. Portability is a schema property: evidence generated against the schema moves with the insured across engines, insurers and capital events without re-basing. No vendor, and not Arkaya, holds it captive.

The pilot is the §05 experiment run on a live desk: the floor at inception, the term monitored, the terms offered compared against the unevidenced book. If the evidence does not move the terms, the thesis fails on its own stated ground.

Detailed scope, implementation timelines and pricing sit in the post-NDA package: working session, sprint map, term sheet.

§ 08 · What this replaces

One word does most of the work: first-party.

So the reader does not have to infer the distinction.

The market has priced surveyed state before

The factory mutual system has conditioned premium on engineering-surveyed controls since 1835. Telematics repriced motor in both directions. Cyber desks already buy external ratings, whose opaque scores the no-score discipline refuses. Continuous governance evidence extends a 190-year habit; it does not ask the market to form a new one.

Today's instrument
What it sees
The Arkaya difference
Cyber-ratings and external scans
The perimeter, not the inside. The AI estate is carried by declaration.
First-party evidence of the insured's own estate, from inside.
The underwriting questionnaire
The AI estate only through example questions put to the applicant.
An evidenced estate, captured at source and read against obligation.
Rating agencies
A summary judgement, issued and trusted.
Observable primitives the counterparty prices itself. No score issued.

What Arkaya adds to the tools you already use.

Your governance tools help you manage AI and record what it does. Arkaya reads what those records support for a particular decision, identifies the gaps and states the limits of the evidence.

What this is not

The boundaries of the product.

The discipline that calms a sophisticated reader is the explicit statement of what the architecture does not claim. Each line is enforced structurally, not asserted.

Not a regulatory replacement. The schema is referenced, not adopted. Supervisors are not displaced.
Not an audit opinion. Engines emit evidence against obligation. They do not certify accounts.
Not a continuous-compliance certification. The record shows behaviour against obligation, not a pass mark.
Not a governance score. No rating, benchmark or score is issued from Layer 1. Counterparties price.
Not a delegated underwriting authority. Pricing and the bind decision stay with the underwriter.
Does not replace board accountability. The board authors the Protocol and owns the decision.
Does not redefine accounting recognition thresholds. IAS 37 and ASC 450 stand. The schema surfaces the obligation earlier.
One role per record. Where Arkaya has designed evidence or advised on it, it does not read that evidence for anyone else. Where Arkaya has only translated a platform's records into the open format, it may later read them for an insurer, after telling the insurer and having the translation checked independently.
Three roles, one operation

One buyer can hold more than one role: an insurer is a subject to its group board, a supervisor of its own coverholders, and a pricer at its desk.

Subject
Generates first-party evidence about itself. The corporate or CFO, the insurer, the portfolio company.
Supervisor
Consumes evidence across a delegated portfolio it is accountable for but cannot fully see. The insurance HoldCo board, the MGA aggregator, the private equity general partner.
Pricer
Reads a subject's evidence to price one risk or transaction. The underwriter, the lender, the acquirer.

The Subject sits on the EMIT side, which has its own page; Supervisor and Pricer read.

The reader determines sufficiency, price and terms.
Arkaya does not.

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Resilience Capital is built.
Not asserted.

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